Abbreviations

1. 5AR
   5α–reductase
2. 5ARI
   5α-reductase inhibitor
3. AAA
   abdominal aortic aneurysm
4. ACE
   angiotensin converting enzyme
5. ACh
   acetylcholine
6. ACTH
   adrenocorticotrophic hormone
7. ADAM
   androgen decline in the aging male
8. ADH
   antidiuretic hormone
9. ADT
   androgen deprivation therapy
10. ADPKD
    autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
11. AFP
    alpha fetoprotein
12. AI
    androgen independent
13. AID
    artificial insemination donor
14. AIDS
    acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
15. AML
    angiomyolipoma
16. ANP
    atrial natriuretic peptide
17. APF
    antiproliferative factor
18. ARC
    AIDS-related complex
19. ARCD
    acquired renal cystic disease
20. ARPKD
    autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
21. ART
    assisted reproductive techniques
22. AS
    active surveillance
23. ASAP
    atypical small acinar proliferation
24. ATN
    acute tubular necrosis
25. ATP
    adenosine triphosphate
26. AUA
    American Urological Association
27. AUS
    artificial urinary sphincter
28. BAUS
    British Association of Urological Surgeons
29. BCG
    bacillus Calmette–Guérin
30. BCR
    bulbocavernosus reflex
31. bd
    bis die (twice daily)
32. bFGF
    basic fibroblastic growth factor
33. BMSFI
    Brief Male Sexual Function Inventory
34. BNI
    bladder neck incision
35. BOO
    bladder outlet obstruction
36. BP
    blood pressure
37. BPE
    benign prostatic enlargement
38. BPH
    benign prostatic hyperplasia
39. BPO
    benign prostatic obstruction
40. BT
    brachytherapy
41. BTX-A
    botulinum toxin-A
42. BUO
    bilateral ureteric obstruction
43. BXO
    balanitis xerotica obliterans
44. CAH
    congenital adrenal hyperplasia
45. CAPD
    chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
46. CIS
    carcinoma in situ
47. CISC
    clean intermittent self catheterization
48. CKD
    chronic kidney disease
49. CNS
    central nervous system
50. CPA
    cyproterone acetate
51. CPB
    chronic painful bladder (syndrome)
52. CPPS
    chronic pelvic pain syndrome
53. CRF
    chronic renal failure
54. CRP
    C-reactive protein
55. CT
    computed tomography
56. CTU
    computed tomography urography
57. CVS
    cardiovascular system
58. CXR
    chest x-ray
59. DCN
    dorsal clitoral nerve
60. DESD
    detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia
61. DH
    detrusor hyperreflexia
62. DHT
    dihyrotestosterone
63. DIC
    disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
64. DM
    diabetes mellitus
65. DMSA
    dimercapto-succinic acid (renogram)
66. DMSO
    dimethyl sulphoxide
67. DPN
    dorsal penile nerve
68. DTPA
    Diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid
69. DRE
    digital rectal examination
70. DSD
    detrusor sphincter dyssynergia
71. DSD
    disorder of sex development
72. DVT
    deep vein thrombosis
73. EAU
    European Association of Urology
74. EBRT
    external beam radiotherapy
75. ECF
    extracellular fluid
76. ECG
    electrocardiogram
77. ED
    erectile dysfunction
78. EDTA
    ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid
79. EGF
    epidermal growth factor
80. EHL
    electrohydraulic lithotripsy
81. EIA
    enzyme immunoassay
82. ELISA
    enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
83. EMDA
    electromotive drug administration
84. EMG
    electromyography
85. EMU
    early morning urine
86. EORTC
    European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer
87. EPS
    expressed prostatic secretions
88. ES
    external sphincter
89. ESR
    erythrocyte sedimentation rate
90. ESRF
    end stage renal failure
91. ESWL
    extracorporeal shock wave therapy
92. FBC
    full blood count
93. FNA
    fine needle aspiration
94. FSH
    follicle stimulating hormone
95. FVC
    frequency volume chart
96. GA
    general anaesthetic
97. GABA
    γ-aminobutyric acid
98. GAG
    glycosaminoglycan
99. GCT
    germ cell tumour
100. GFR
     glomerular filtration rate
101. GI
     gastrointestinal
102. GIFT
     gamete intrafallopian transfer
103. GnRH
     gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
104. GU
     gonococcal urethritis (or genitourinary)
105. HCG
     human chorionic gonadotrophin
106. HIFU
     high-intensity focused ultrasound
107. HIF
     hypoxia-inducible factor
108. HIV
     human immunodeficiency virus
109. HLA
     human leucocyte antigen
110. HPCR
     high pressure chronic retention
111. HPF
     high-powered field
112. HoLAP
     holmium laser ablation of the prostate
113. HoLEP
     holmium laser enucleation of the prostate
114. HPV
     human papilloma virus
115. HR
     hormone refractory
116. HRO
     high reliability organization
117. HRP
     horseradish peroxidase
118. IC
     interstitial cystitis
119. ISC
     intermittent catheterization
120. ICF
     intracellular fluid
121. ICS
     International Continence Society
122. ICSI
     intracytoplasmic sperm injection
123. ICU
     intensive care unit
124. IDC
     in-dwelling catheter
125. IDO
     idiopathic detrusor overactivity
126. IE
     inhibited ejaculation
127. IELT
     intravaginal ejaculatory latency time
128. IGCN
     intratubular germ cell neoplasia
129. IGF
     insulin-like glomerular filtration
130. IIEF
     International Index of Erectile Function
131. ILP
     interstitial laser prostatectomy
132. IPC
     intermittent pneumatic calf compression
133. IPSS
     International Prostate Symptom Score
134. ISC
     intermittent self-catheterization
135. ISD
     intrinsic sphincter deficiency
136. ISF
     interstitial fluid
137. IUI
     intra-uterine insemination
138. IV
     intravenous
139. IVC
     inferior vena cava
140. IVF
     in vitro fertilization
141. IVU
     intravenous urography
142. JGA
     juxtaglomerular apparatus
143. K⁺
     potassium
144. KGF
     keratinocyte growth factor
145. KTP
     potassium titanyl phosphate (laser)
146. KUB
     Kidneys, ureter and bladder (X-ray)
147. LA
     local anaesthetic
148. LDH
     lactate dehydrogenase
149. LFT
     liver function test
150. LH
     luteinizing hormone
151. LHRH
     luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
152. LOH
     late-onset hypogonadism
153. LRP
     laparoscopic radical prostatectomy
154. LSD
     lysergic acid diethylamide
155. LUTS
     lower urinary tract symptoms
156. MAB
     maximal androgen blockade
157. MAG3
     mercaptoacetyl-triglycyl (renogram)
158. MAR
     mixed antiglobulin reaction (test)
159. MCDK
     multicystic dysplastic kidney
160. MCUG
     micturating cystourethrography
161. MDCTU
     multidetector CT urography
162. MDP
     methylene diphosphonate
163. MDRD
     modification of diet in renal disease
164. MESA
     microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration
165. MIS
     Müllerian inhibiting substance
166. MMC
     mitomycin C
167. MNE
     monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis
168. MPOA
     medial pre-optic area
169. MPR
     multiplanar reformatting
170. MRC
     Medical Research Council
171. MRI
     magnetic resonance imaging
172. MRSA
     meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
173. MRU
     magnetic resonance urography
174. MS
     multiple sclerosis
175. MSA
     multisystem atrophy
176. MSK
     medullary sponge kidney
177. MSU
     mid-stream urine
178. MTOP
     Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms
179. MUCP
     maximal urethral closure pressure
180. MUI
     mixed urinary incontinence
181. NA
     noradrenaline
182. NAAT
     nucleic acid amplification test
183. NaCl
     sodium chloride
184. NGU
     non-gonococcal urethritis
185. NICE
     National Institute for Clinical Excellence
186. NO
     nitric oxide
187. NP
     nocturnal polyuria
188. NSAIDs
     non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
189. NSGCT
     non-seminomatous germ cell tumours
190. NSU
     non-specific urethritis
191. od
     omni die (once daily)
192. OAB
     overactive bladder
193. OAT
     oligoasthenoteratospermia
194. OP
     open prostatectomy
195. OSA
     obstructive sleep apnoea
196. P_aCO₂
     partial pressure of carbon dioxide (in arterial blood)
197. P_aO₂
     partial pressure of oxygen (in arterial blood)
198. PAG
     peri-aqueductal gray matter
199. PBS/IC
     painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis
200. PC
     prostate cancer
201. PCNL
     percutaneous nephrolithotomy
202. PD
     Parkinson’s disease
203. PDE5
     phosphodiesterase type-5
204. PDGF
     platelet-derived growth factor
205. PE
     pulmonary embolism
206. PESA
     percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration
207. PFE
     pelvic floor exercises
208. PFS
     pressure flow studies
209. PGE1
     prostaglandin E1
210. PIN
     prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
211. PLAP
     placental alkaline phosphatase
212. PLESS
     Proscar Long-term Efficacy Safety Study
213. PMC
     pontine micturition center
214. PNE
     peripheral nerve evaluation
215. POP
     pelvic organ prolapse
216. PPV
     patent processus vaginalis
217. PR
     per rectum
218. PREDICT
     Prospective European Doxazosin and Combination Therapy
219. PSA
     prostate specific antigen
220. PTH
     parathyroid hormone levels
221. PTTI
     parenchymal transit time index
222. PTNS
     posterior tibial nerve stimulation
223. PUJ
     pelviureteric junction
224. PUJO
     pelviureteric junction obstruction
225. PUV
     posterior urethral valves
226. PVN
     paraventricular nucleus
227. PVP
     photoselective vaporization of the prostate
228. PVR
     post-void residual
229. PZ
     peripheral zone
230. qds
     quarter die sumendus (to be taken 4 times per day)
231. Qmax
     maximal flow rate
232. QoL
     quality of life
233. RBC
     red blood count
234. RBF
     Renal blood flow
235. RCC
     renal cell carcinoma
236. RCT
     randomized control trial
237. RP
     radical prostatectomy
238. RPF
     renal plasma flow
239. RPF
     retroperitoneal fibrosis
240. RPLND
     retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
241. RT
     radiotherapy
242. RTA
     renal tubular acidosis
243. RTK
     receptor tyrosine kinase
244. SARS
     sacral anterior root stimulator
245. SBP
     systolic blood pressure
246. SC
     subcutaneous
247. SCC
     squamous cell carcinoma
248. SCI
     spinal cord injury
249. SHBG
     sex hormone binding globulin
250. SHIM
     Sexual Health Inventory for Men
251. SHO
     senior house officer
252. SIRS
     systemic inflammatory response syndrome
253. SNM
     sacral nerve modulation
254. SNS
     sacral nerve stimulation
255. SOP
     standard operating procedures (SOP)
256. SPC
     suprapubic catheter
257. SPR
     specialist registrar
258. SR
     testis-determining gene
259. SSRI
     serotonin re-uptake inhibitor
260. STI
     sexually transmitted infection
261. SUI
     stress urinary incontinence
262. TB
     tuberculosis
263. TBW
     total body water
264. TC
     testicular cancer
265. TCC
     transitional cell carcinoma
266. tds
     ter die sumendus (to be taken 3 times per day)
267. TEDs
     thrombo-embolic deterent stockings
268. TENS
     transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
269. TESA
     testicular exploration and sperm aspiration
270. TESE
     testicular exploration and sperm extraction
271. TET
     tubal embryo transfer
272. TGF
     transforming growth factor
273. TIN
     testicular intratubular neoplasia (synonymous with IGCN)
274. TNF
     tumour necrosis factor
275. TNM
     tumour, node, metastasis
276. TOT
     transobturator tape
277. TRUS
     trans-rectal ultrasonography
278. TSC
     tuberous sclerosis complex
279. TULIP
     transuretheral ultrasound-guided laser-induced prostatectomy
280. TUMT
     transurethal microwave thermotherapy
281. TUNA
     transurethal radiofrequency needle ablation
282. TUU
     transureteroureterostomy
283. TURBT
     transurethral resection of bladder tumour
284. TURP
     transurethral resection of prostate
285. TUVP
     transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate
286. TVT
     tension-free transvaginal tape
287. TVTO
     Tension-free vaginal tape obturator route
288. TWOC
     trial without catheter
289. TZ
     transition zone
290. UDT
     undescended testis
291. U&E
     urea and electrolytes
292. UI
     urinary incontinence
293. UPJO
     ureteropelvic junction obstruction
294. US
     ultrasound
295. USS
     ultrasound scan
296. UTI
     urinary tract infection
297. UUI
     urge urinary incontinence
298. UUO
     unilateral ureteric obstruction
299. VCUG
     voiding cystourethrography
300. VEGF
     vascular endothelial growth factor
301. VHL
     Von Hippel-Lindau
302. VLAP
     visual laser ablation of the prostate
303. VTE
     venous thromboembolism
304. VUJ
     vesicoureteric junction
305. VUJO
     vesicoureteric junction obstruction
306. VUR
     vesicoureteric reflux
307. VVF
     vesicovaginal fistula
308. WBC
     white blood cell
309. WW
     watchful waiting
310. YAG
     yytrium-aluminium-garnet (laser)
311. ZIFT
     zygote intrafallopian transfer